28 research outputs found

    Prior knowledge contribution to declarative learning. A study in amnesia, aging and Alzheimer's disease

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    L'Ă©tude expĂ©rimentale de la mĂ©moire humaine a connu deux moments historiques dans les soixante derniĂšres annĂ©es. 1957 marque la dĂ©couverte du rĂŽle du lobe temporal interne bilatĂ©ral dans l'apprentissage conscient, dĂ©claratif. 1997 marque la dĂ©couverte de deux systĂšmes de mĂ©moire dĂ©clarative, Ă©pisodique et sĂ©mantique. Ces dĂ©couvertes rĂ©sultent d'Ă©tudes de cas en neuropsychologie. Cette thĂšse s'inscrit dans la tradition neuropsychologique: sa genĂšse doit tout Ă  un patient souffrant d'une forme atypique d'amnĂ©sie dĂ©veloppementale, le patient KA. Son point de dĂ©part est une Ă©tude de cas approfondie, avec deux rĂ©sultats surprenants. MalgrĂ© une amnĂ©sie sĂ©vĂšre, KA dispose de connaissances sĂ©mantiques exceptionnelles. Par ailleurs, il montre des capacitĂ©s prĂ©servĂ©es d'apprentissage explicite, mais uniquement pour des stimuli concrets, pas abstraits. En consĂ©quence, cette thĂšse a explorĂ© deux pistes de recherche. PremiĂšrement, nous avons caractĂ©risĂ© les processus prĂ©servĂ©s d'apprentissage dĂ©claratif et l'anatomie cĂ©rĂ©brale chez ce patient. DeuxiĂšmement, nous avons Ă©tudiĂ© le rĂŽle des connaissances prĂ©alables dans l'apprentissage: comment ce que l'on sait influence ce dont nous nous souvenons ? Une premiĂšre sĂ©rie d'expĂ©riences montre chez ce patient une atteinte sĂ©vĂšre et sĂ©lective de l'ensemble du systĂšme hippocampique, alors que les structures sous- hippocampiques (cortex entorhinal, pĂ©rirhinal et parahippocampique) sont prĂ©servĂ©es. MalgrĂ© une amnĂ©sie Ă©pisodique sĂ©vĂšre, nous montrons des connaissances sĂ©mantiques supranormales et des aptitudes d'apprentissage explicite rapide. Ces aptitudes sont toutefois restreintes aux stimuli associĂ©s Ă  des connaissances prĂ©alables. Une seconde sĂ©rie d'expĂ©riences explore l'hypothĂšse selon laquelle les connaissances prĂ©alables facilitent l'apprentissage en mĂ©moire dĂ©clarative, mĂȘme dans les situations oĂč le lobe temporal interne est fragilisĂ©, comme dans le vieillissement, ou lĂ©sĂ©, comme chez le patient KA ou dans la maladie d'Alzheimer. Nos rĂ©sultats suggĂšrent l'existence de processus d'apprentissage rapide en mĂ©moire dĂ©clarative, indĂ©pendants du systĂšme hippocampique et sensibles Ă  la prĂ©sence de reprĂ©sentations prĂ©existantes. Ces processus semblent affectĂ©s par la maladie d'Alzheimer, et ce en lien avec un dĂ©faut d'activitĂ© des rĂ©gions sous-hippocampiques antĂ©rieures. A l'inverse, les sujets ĂągĂ©s sains peuvent utiliser les connaissances prĂ©alables et pourraient ainsi compenser le dĂ©clin de la mĂ©moire associative. Ce travail s'accorde avec les modĂšles postulant une dissociation fonctionnelle au sein du lobe temporal interne pour l'apprentissage dĂ©claratif. Il soutient les propositions neurocognitives et computationnelles rĂ©centes, suggĂ©rant une voie d'apprentissage nĂ©ocortical rapide mobilisable dans certaines circonstances. Il met en exergue la dynamique des apprentissages en mĂ©moire dĂ©clarative et notamment l'intrication fondamentale entre "savoir" et "se souvenir". Ce que je sais a un impact profond sur ce dont je vais me souvenir. Cette thĂšse permet d'envisager de nouveaux outils cognitifs pour le diagnostic de la maladie d'Alzheimer. De plus, il semble que des lĂ©sions temporales internes auront un impact distinct sur l'apprentissage selon le statut des informations Ă  mĂ©moriser en mĂ©moire Ă  long terme, offrant un regard nouveau sur les effets stimulus-dĂ©pendants dans l'amnĂ©sie. Une considĂ©ration approfondie des connaissances prĂ©alables associĂ©es au contenu de nos expĂ©riences, et leur caractĂ©risation dĂ©taillĂ©e, est requise pour affiner les modĂšles de la mĂ©moire dĂ©clarative. Ces rĂ©sultats apportent de nouvelles pistes de recherche quant aux circonstances Ă©pargnant l'apprentissage, notamment associatif, lors du vieillissement. Plus gĂ©nĂ©ralement, ils contribuent Ă  la comprĂ©hension des dĂ©terminants d'un apprentissage rĂ©ussi, en mettant l'accent sur les recouvrements entre processus de rĂ©cupĂ©ration et d'acquisition. Des applications potentielles en dĂ©coulent dans le domaine Ă©ducatif.The experimental study of human memory has had two historic moments in the last sixty years. 1957 marks the discovery of the role of the medial temporal lobes in conscious learning. 1997 marks the discovery of two systems of declarative memory, namely episodic and semantic memories. These major breakthroughs are owed to clinical case studies in neuropsychology. This thesis follows on from the neuropsychological tradition: its genesis owes everything to a patient suffering from an atypical form of developmental amnesia, the patient KA. The starting point of this work was a thorough neuropsychological study of this patient. Two striking findings shortly arose. First, despite lifelong amnesia, KA had acquired exceptional levels of knowledge about the world. Second, remaining explicit learning abilities were restricted to meaningful, not meaningless, memoranda. As a consequence, we have investigated two research pathways in that thesis. First, we aimed at better characterizing preserved learning abilities and brain structure of the patient KA. Second, our goal was to explore how prior knowledge affects new declarative learning or, put simply, how do we learn what we know? In a first series of behavioural and neuroimaging experiments, we have shown in this patient a severe and selective damage of the whole extended hippocampal system, but preserved subhippocampal structures (entorhinal, perirhinal and parahippocampal cortex). The patient suffers from severe episodic amnesia, but we bring striking evidence for supranormal semantic knowledge as well as normal explicit learning skills. These skills were, however, restricted to familiar stimuli, that is, stimuli carrying pre-experimental knowledge. In a second series of behavioural and neuroimaging experiments, we explored the hypothesis that prior knowledge can facilitate new learning in declarative memory, even in aging or in situations where structures of the medial temporal lobe are or injured, as in amnesia or Alzheimer's disease. Our results suggest the existence of processes allowing fast learning in declarative memory, independently of the hippocampal system, and that are sensitive to the presence of pre-existing representations in long-term memory. Such learning processes appear to be selectively affected by Alzheimer's disease at the pre-dementia stage, in relation to a lack of activation of subhippocampal regions. In contrast, healthy elderly were able to rely on these learning processes to compensate for the decline in associative memory associated with aging. This work lends support to the models postulating a functional dissociation with respect to learning in declarative memory. It indeed strengthens recent neurocognitive and computational accounts that suggest a rapid neocortical learning path under certain circumstances. It highlights the dynamics of learning in declarative memory and in particular the fundamental entanglement between "knowing" and "remembering". What I know profoundly impacts what I will remember. The present thesis points towards new cognitive tools for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. It further brings evidence that medial temporal lesions differentially impact learning depending on the status of the memoranda in long-term memory, which sheds a new light on material-specific effects in amnesia. Our work speaks for a thorough consideration of whether the contents of events have prior representations within long-term memory, and to further better characterize their nature if we are to better understand learning mechanisms. It also brings additional clues for a deeper understanding of how learning and memory can be preserved in aging. More generally, it contributes to a better understanding of the factors determining successful learning, with a focus on how retrieval and acquisition processes overlap during learning. Such findings have potential applications in the educational field

    Refining understanding of working memory buffers through the construct of binding:Evidence from a single case informs theory and clinical practice

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    International audienceBinding operations carried out in working memory enable the integration of information from different sources during online performance. While available evidence suggests that working memory may involve distinct binding functions, whether or not they all involve the episodic buffer as a cognitive substrate remains unclear. Similarly, knowledge about the neural underpinnings of working memory buffers is limited, more specifically regarding the involvement of medial temporal lobe structures. In the present study, we report on the case of patient KA, with developmental amnesia and selective damage to the whole hippocampal system. We found that KA was unable to hold shape-colours associations (relational binding) in working memory. In contrast, he could hold integrated coloured shapes (conjunctive binding) in two different tasks. Otherwise, and as expected, KA was impaired on three relational memory tasks thought to depend on the hippocampus that are widely used in the early detection of Alzheimer's disease. Our results emphasize a dissociation between two binding processes within working memory, suggesting that the visuo-spatial sketchpad could support conjunctive binding, and may rely upon a large cortical network including sub-hippocampal structures. By contrast, we found evidence for a selective impairment of relational binding in working memory when the hippocampal system is compromised, suggesting that the long-term memory deficit observed in amnesic patients may be related to impaired short-term relational binding at encoding. Finally, these findings may inform research on the early detection of Alzheimer's disease as the preservation of conjunctive binding in KA is in sharp contrast with the impaired performance demonstrated very early in this disease

    Le rÎle des connaissances préalables dans l'apprentissage en mémoire déclarative : une étude dans l'amnésie, le vieillissement et la maladie d'Alzheimer

    No full text
    The experimental study of human memory has had two historic moments in the last sixty years. 1957 marks the discovery of the role of the medial temporal lobes in conscious learning. 1997 marks the discovery of two systems of declarative memory, namely episodic and semantic memories. These major breakthroughs are owed to clinical case studies in neuropsychology. This thesis follows on from the neuropsychological tradition: its genesis owes everything to a patient suffering from an atypical form of developmental amnesia, the patient KA. The starting point of this work was a thorough neuropsychological study of this patient. Two striking findings shortly arose. First, despite lifelong amnesia, KA had acquired exceptional levels of knowledge about the world. Second, remaining explicit learning abilities were restricted to meaningful, not meaningless, memoranda. As a consequence, we have investigated two research pathways in that thesis. First, we aimed at better characterizing preserved learning abilities and brain structure of the patient KA. Second, our goal was to explore how prior knowledge affects new declarative learning or, put simply, how do we learn what we know? In a first series of behavioural and neuroimaging experiments, we have shown in this patient a severe and selective damage of the whole extended hippocampal system, but preserved subhippocampal structures (entorhinal, perirhinal and parahippocampal cortex). The patient suffers from severe episodic amnesia, but we bring striking evidence for supranormal semantic knowledge as well as normal explicit learning skills. These skills were, however, restricted to familiar stimuli, that is, stimuli carrying pre-experimental knowledge. In a second series of behavioural and neuroimaging experiments, we explored the hypothesis that prior knowledge can facilitate new learning in declarative memory, even in aging or in situations where structures of the medial temporal lobe are or injured, as in amnesia or Alzheimer's disease. Our results suggest the existence of processes allowing fast learning in declarative memory, independently of the hippocampal system, and that are sensitive to the presence of pre-existing representations in long-term memory. Such learning processes appear to be selectively affected by Alzheimer's disease at the pre-dementia stage, in relation to a lack of activation of subhippocampal regions. In contrast, healthy elderly were able to rely on these learning processes to compensate for the decline in associative memory associated with aging. This work lends support to the models postulating a functional dissociation with respect to learning in declarative memory. It indeed strengthens recent neurocognitive and computational accounts that suggest a rapid neocortical learning path under certain circumstances. It highlights the dynamics of learning in declarative memory and in particular the fundamental entanglement between "knowing" and "remembering". What I know profoundly impacts what I will remember. The present thesis points towards new cognitive tools for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. It further brings evidence that medial temporal lesions differentially impact learning depending on the status of the memoranda in long-term memory, which sheds a new light on material-specific effects in amnesia. Our work speaks for a thorough consideration of whether the contents of events have prior representations within long-term memory, and to further better characterize their nature if we are to better understand learning mechanisms. It also brings additional clues for a deeper understanding of how learning and memory can be preserved in aging. More generally, it contributes to a better understanding of the factors determining successful learning, with a focus on how retrieval and acquisition processes overlap during learning. Such findings have potential applications in the educational field.L'Ă©tude expĂ©rimentale de la mĂ©moire humaine a connu deux moments historiques dans les soixante derniĂšres annĂ©es. 1957 marque la dĂ©couverte du rĂŽle du lobe temporal interne bilatĂ©ral dans l'apprentissage conscient, dĂ©claratif. 1997 marque la dĂ©couverte de deux systĂšmes de mĂ©moire dĂ©clarative, Ă©pisodique et sĂ©mantique. Ces dĂ©couvertes rĂ©sultent d'Ă©tudes de cas en neuropsychologie. Cette thĂšse s'inscrit dans la tradition neuropsychologique: sa genĂšse doit tout Ă  un patient souffrant d'une forme atypique d'amnĂ©sie dĂ©veloppementale, le patient KA. Son point de dĂ©part est une Ă©tude de cas approfondie, avec deux rĂ©sultats surprenants. MalgrĂ© une amnĂ©sie sĂ©vĂšre, KA dispose de connaissances sĂ©mantiques exceptionnelles. Par ailleurs, il montre des capacitĂ©s prĂ©servĂ©es d'apprentissage explicite, mais uniquement pour des stimuli concrets, pas abstraits. En consĂ©quence, cette thĂšse a explorĂ© deux pistes de recherche. PremiĂšrement, nous avons caractĂ©risĂ© les processus prĂ©servĂ©s d'apprentissage dĂ©claratif et l'anatomie cĂ©rĂ©brale chez ce patient. DeuxiĂšmement, nous avons Ă©tudiĂ© le rĂŽle des connaissances prĂ©alables dans l'apprentissage: comment ce que l'on sait influence ce dont nous nous souvenons ? Une premiĂšre sĂ©rie d'expĂ©riences montre chez ce patient une atteinte sĂ©vĂšre et sĂ©lective de l'ensemble du systĂšme hippocampique, alors que les structures sous- hippocampiques (cortex entorhinal, pĂ©rirhinal et parahippocampique) sont prĂ©servĂ©es. MalgrĂ© une amnĂ©sie Ă©pisodique sĂ©vĂšre, nous montrons des connaissances sĂ©mantiques supranormales et des aptitudes d'apprentissage explicite rapide. Ces aptitudes sont toutefois restreintes aux stimuli associĂ©s Ă  des connaissances prĂ©alables. Une seconde sĂ©rie d'expĂ©riences explore l'hypothĂšse selon laquelle les connaissances prĂ©alables facilitent l'apprentissage en mĂ©moire dĂ©clarative, mĂȘme dans les situations oĂč le lobe temporal interne est fragilisĂ©, comme dans le vieillissement, ou lĂ©sĂ©, comme chez le patient KA ou dans la maladie d'Alzheimer. Nos rĂ©sultats suggĂšrent l'existence de processus d'apprentissage rapide en mĂ©moire dĂ©clarative, indĂ©pendants du systĂšme hippocampique et sensibles Ă  la prĂ©sence de reprĂ©sentations prĂ©existantes. Ces processus semblent affectĂ©s par la maladie d'Alzheimer, et ce en lien avec un dĂ©faut d'activitĂ© des rĂ©gions sous-hippocampiques antĂ©rieures. A l'inverse, les sujets ĂągĂ©s sains peuvent utiliser les connaissances prĂ©alables et pourraient ainsi compenser le dĂ©clin de la mĂ©moire associative. Ce travail s'accorde avec les modĂšles postulant une dissociation fonctionnelle au sein du lobe temporal interne pour l'apprentissage dĂ©claratif. Il soutient les propositions neurocognitives et computationnelles rĂ©centes, suggĂ©rant une voie d'apprentissage nĂ©ocortical rapide mobilisable dans certaines circonstances. Il met en exergue la dynamique des apprentissages en mĂ©moire dĂ©clarative et notamment l'intrication fondamentale entre "savoir" et "se souvenir". Ce que je sais a un impact profond sur ce dont je vais me souvenir. Cette thĂšse permet d'envisager de nouveaux outils cognitifs pour le diagnostic de la maladie d'Alzheimer. De plus, il semble que des lĂ©sions temporales internes auront un impact distinct sur l'apprentissage selon le statut des informations Ă  mĂ©moriser en mĂ©moire Ă  long terme, offrant un regard nouveau sur les effets stimulus-dĂ©pendants dans l'amnĂ©sie. Une considĂ©ration approfondie des connaissances prĂ©alables associĂ©es au contenu de nos expĂ©riences, et leur caractĂ©risation dĂ©taillĂ©e, est requise pour affiner les modĂšles de la mĂ©moire dĂ©clarative. Ces rĂ©sultats apportent de nouvelles pistes de recherche quant aux circonstances Ă©pargnant l'apprentissage, notamment associatif, lors du vieillissement. Plus gĂ©nĂ©ralement, ils contribuent Ă  la comprĂ©hension des dĂ©terminants d'un apprentissage rĂ©ussi, en mettant l'accent sur les recouvrements entre processus de rĂ©cupĂ©ration et d'acquisition. Des applications potentielles en dĂ©coulent dans le domaine Ă©ducatif

    Le rÎle des connaissances préalables dans l'apprentissage en mémoire déclarative : une étude dans l'amnésie, le vieillissement et la maladie d'Alzheimer

    No full text
    The experimental study of human memory has had two historic moments in the last sixty years. 1957 marks the discovery of the role of the medial temporal lobes in conscious learning. 1997 marks the discovery of two systems of declarative memory, namely episodic and semantic memories. These major breakthroughs are owed to clinical case studies in neuropsychology. This thesis follows on from the neuropsychological tradition: its genesis owes everything to a patient suffering from an atypical form of developmental amnesia, the patient KA. The starting point of this work was a thorough neuropsychological study of this patient. Two striking findings shortly arose. First, despite lifelong amnesia, KA had acquired exceptional levels of knowledge about the world. Second, remaining explicit learning abilities were restricted to meaningful, not meaningless, memoranda. As a consequence, we have investigated two research pathways in that thesis. First, we aimed at better characterizing preserved learning abilities and brain structure of the patient KA. Second, our goal was to explore how prior knowledge affects new declarative learning or, put simply, how do we learn what we know? In a first series of behavioural and neuroimaging experiments, we have shown in this patient a severe and selective damage of the whole extended hippocampal system, but preserved subhippocampal structures (entorhinal, perirhinal and parahippocampal cortex). The patient suffers from severe episodic amnesia, but we bring striking evidence for supranormal semantic knowledge as well as normal explicit learning skills. These skills were, however, restricted to familiar stimuli, that is, stimuli carrying pre-experimental knowledge. In a second series of behavioural and neuroimaging experiments, we explored the hypothesis that prior knowledge can facilitate new learning in declarative memory, even in aging or in situations where structures of the medial temporal lobe are or injured, as in amnesia or Alzheimer's disease. Our results suggest the existence of processes allowing fast learning in declarative memory, independently of the hippocampal system, and that are sensitive to the presence of pre-existing representations in long-term memory. Such learning processes appear to be selectively affected by Alzheimer's disease at the pre-dementia stage, in relation to a lack of activation of subhippocampal regions. In contrast, healthy elderly were able to rely on these learning processes to compensate for the decline in associative memory associated with aging. This work lends support to the models postulating a functional dissociation with respect to learning in declarative memory. It indeed strengthens recent neurocognitive and computational accounts that suggest a rapid neocortical learning path under certain circumstances. It highlights the dynamics of learning in declarative memory and in particular the fundamental entanglement between "knowing" and "remembering". What I know profoundly impacts what I will remember. The present thesis points towards new cognitive tools for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. It further brings evidence that medial temporal lesions differentially impact learning depending on the status of the memoranda in long-term memory, which sheds a new light on material-specific effects in amnesia. Our work speaks for a thorough consideration of whether the contents of events have prior representations within long-term memory, and to further better characterize their nature if we are to better understand learning mechanisms. It also brings additional clues for a deeper understanding of how learning and memory can be preserved in aging. More generally, it contributes to a better understanding of the factors determining successful learning, with a focus on how retrieval and acquisition processes overlap during learning. Such findings have potential applications in the educational field.L'Ă©tude expĂ©rimentale de la mĂ©moire humaine a connu deux moments historiques dans les soixante derniĂšres annĂ©es. 1957 marque la dĂ©couverte du rĂŽle du lobe temporal interne bilatĂ©ral dans l'apprentissage conscient, dĂ©claratif. 1997 marque la dĂ©couverte de deux systĂšmes de mĂ©moire dĂ©clarative, Ă©pisodique et sĂ©mantique. Ces dĂ©couvertes rĂ©sultent d'Ă©tudes de cas en neuropsychologie. Cette thĂšse s'inscrit dans la tradition neuropsychologique: sa genĂšse doit tout Ă  un patient souffrant d'une forme atypique d'amnĂ©sie dĂ©veloppementale, le patient KA. Son point de dĂ©part est une Ă©tude de cas approfondie, avec deux rĂ©sultats surprenants. MalgrĂ© une amnĂ©sie sĂ©vĂšre, KA dispose de connaissances sĂ©mantiques exceptionnelles. Par ailleurs, il montre des capacitĂ©s prĂ©servĂ©es d'apprentissage explicite, mais uniquement pour des stimuli concrets, pas abstraits. En consĂ©quence, cette thĂšse a explorĂ© deux pistes de recherche. PremiĂšrement, nous avons caractĂ©risĂ© les processus prĂ©servĂ©s d'apprentissage dĂ©claratif et l'anatomie cĂ©rĂ©brale chez ce patient. DeuxiĂšmement, nous avons Ă©tudiĂ© le rĂŽle des connaissances prĂ©alables dans l'apprentissage: comment ce que l'on sait influence ce dont nous nous souvenons ? Une premiĂšre sĂ©rie d'expĂ©riences montre chez ce patient une atteinte sĂ©vĂšre et sĂ©lective de l'ensemble du systĂšme hippocampique, alors que les structures sous- hippocampiques (cortex entorhinal, pĂ©rirhinal et parahippocampique) sont prĂ©servĂ©es. MalgrĂ© une amnĂ©sie Ă©pisodique sĂ©vĂšre, nous montrons des connaissances sĂ©mantiques supranormales et des aptitudes d'apprentissage explicite rapide. Ces aptitudes sont toutefois restreintes aux stimuli associĂ©s Ă  des connaissances prĂ©alables. Une seconde sĂ©rie d'expĂ©riences explore l'hypothĂšse selon laquelle les connaissances prĂ©alables facilitent l'apprentissage en mĂ©moire dĂ©clarative, mĂȘme dans les situations oĂč le lobe temporal interne est fragilisĂ©, comme dans le vieillissement, ou lĂ©sĂ©, comme chez le patient KA ou dans la maladie d'Alzheimer. Nos rĂ©sultats suggĂšrent l'existence de processus d'apprentissage rapide en mĂ©moire dĂ©clarative, indĂ©pendants du systĂšme hippocampique et sensibles Ă  la prĂ©sence de reprĂ©sentations prĂ©existantes. Ces processus semblent affectĂ©s par la maladie d'Alzheimer, et ce en lien avec un dĂ©faut d'activitĂ© des rĂ©gions sous-hippocampiques antĂ©rieures. A l'inverse, les sujets ĂągĂ©s sains peuvent utiliser les connaissances prĂ©alables et pourraient ainsi compenser le dĂ©clin de la mĂ©moire associative. Ce travail s'accorde avec les modĂšles postulant une dissociation fonctionnelle au sein du lobe temporal interne pour l'apprentissage dĂ©claratif. Il soutient les propositions neurocognitives et computationnelles rĂ©centes, suggĂ©rant une voie d'apprentissage nĂ©ocortical rapide mobilisable dans certaines circonstances. Il met en exergue la dynamique des apprentissages en mĂ©moire dĂ©clarative et notamment l'intrication fondamentale entre "savoir" et "se souvenir". Ce que je sais a un impact profond sur ce dont je vais me souvenir. Cette thĂšse permet d'envisager de nouveaux outils cognitifs pour le diagnostic de la maladie d'Alzheimer. De plus, il semble que des lĂ©sions temporales internes auront un impact distinct sur l'apprentissage selon le statut des informations Ă  mĂ©moriser en mĂ©moire Ă  long terme, offrant un regard nouveau sur les effets stimulus-dĂ©pendants dans l'amnĂ©sie. Une considĂ©ration approfondie des connaissances prĂ©alables associĂ©es au contenu de nos expĂ©riences, et leur caractĂ©risation dĂ©taillĂ©e, est requise pour affiner les modĂšles de la mĂ©moire dĂ©clarative. Ces rĂ©sultats apportent de nouvelles pistes de recherche quant aux circonstances Ă©pargnant l'apprentissage, notamment associatif, lors du vieillissement. Plus gĂ©nĂ©ralement, ils contribuent Ă  la comprĂ©hension des dĂ©terminants d'un apprentissage rĂ©ussi, en mettant l'accent sur les recouvrements entre processus de rĂ©cupĂ©ration et d'acquisition. Des applications potentielles en dĂ©coulent dans le domaine Ă©ducatif
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